Saturday, November 8, 2008

How to keep your private files privately?

If you want to encrypt the contents of an individual file or directory, Windows XP Pro will do the trick, provided you enable NTFS on your hard drive. To encrypt a file, right-click on it to bring up the Properties window.
Click on the Advanced button, then in the Advanced Attributes dialog box click on Encrypt contents to secure data. This will encrypt the file (using either DES, which employs a 56-bit key on each 64-bit block of data, or 3DES, which uses a 56-bit key three times on each 64-bit block of data), and it will provide a certificate just for you.

This certificate is key; if you reinstall Windows or otherwise lose your user account, your access to the encrypted files will be gone, too. You need to export your certificates to back them up: For detailed instructions, search on export certificate in Windows Help.

Windows XP does not require you to enter your password when you open the encrypted file. Once you log on to a session, encrypted files are available for you—and anyone who walks up to your system—to view.

Windows XP Home doesn't support this method. Both XP Home and XP Pro, however, let you create password-protected compressed files. To do this, right-click on the desired file and choose Send To Compressed (zipped) Folder.

Open the resulting folder and select Add a Password from the File menu; delete the original file. Note that this encryption is relatively weak. It should dissuade casual users but won't put up much of a fight against someone determined to hack it apart.

Reasons For Computer Crashes

Fatal error: the system has become unstable or is busy," it says. "Enter to return to Windows or press Control-Alt-Delete to restart your computer. If you do this you will lose any unsaved information in all open applications."
You have just been struck by the Blue Screen of Death. Anyone who uses Mcft Windows will be familiar with this. What can you do? More importantly, how can you prevent it happening?

1 Hardware conflict

The number one reason why Windows crashes is hardware conflict. Each hardware device communicates to other devices through an interrupt request channel (IRQ). These are supposed to be unique for each device.
For example, a printer usually connects internally on IRQ 7. The keyboard usually uses IRQ 1 and the floppy disk drive IRQ 6. Each device will try to hog a single IRQ for itself.
If there are a lot of devices, or if they are not installed properly, two of them may end up sharing the same IRQ number. When the user tries to use both devices at the same time, a crash can happen. The way to check if your computer has a hardware conflict is through the following route:


* Start-Settings-Control Panel-System-Device Manager.

Often if a device has a problem a yellow '!' appears next to its description in the Device Manager. Highlight Computer (in the Device Manager) and press Properties to see the IRQ numbers used by your computer. If the IRQ number appears twice, two devices may be using it.
Sometimes a device might share an IRQ with something described as 'IRQ holder for PCI steering'. This can be ignored. The best way to fix this problem is to remove the problem device and reinstall it.
Sometimes you may have to find more recent drivers on the internet to make the device function properly. A good resource is Driver Guide. If the device is a soundcard, or a modem, it can often be fixed by moving it to a different slot on the motherboard (be careful about opening your computer, as you may void the warranty).
When working inside a computer you should switch it off, unplug the mains lead and touch an unpainted metal surface to discharge any static electricity.
To be fair to Mcft, the problem with IRQ numbers is not of its making. It is a legacy problem going back to the first PC designs using the IBM 8086 chip. Initially there were only eight IRQs. Today there are 16 IRQs in a PC. It is easy to run out of them. There are plans to increase the number of IRQs in future designs.

2 Bad Ram

Ram (random-access memory) problems might bring on the blue screen of death with a message saying Fatal Exception Error. A fatal error indicates a serious hardware problem. Sometimes it may mean a part is damaged and will need replacing.
But a fatal error caused by Ram might be caused by a mismatch of chips. For example, mixing 70-nanosecond (70ns) Ram with 60ns Ram will usually force the computer to run all the Ram at the slower speed. This will often crash the machine if the Ram is overworked.

One way around this problem is to enter the BIOS settings and increase the wait state of the Ram. This can make it more stable. Another way to troubleshoot a suspected Ram problem is to rearrange the Ram chips on the motherboard, or take some of them out. Then try to repeat the circumstances that caused the crash. When handling Ram try not to touch the gold connections, as they can be easily damaged.
Parity error messages also refer to Ram. Modern Ram chips are either parity (ECC) or non parity (non-ECC). It is best not to mix the two types, as this can be a cause of trouble.
EMM386 error messages refer to memory problems but may not be connected to bad Ram. This may be due to free memory problems often linked to old Dos-based programmes.


3 BIOS settings

Every motherboard is supplied with a range of chipset settings that are decided in the factory. A common way to access these settings is to press the F2 or delete button during the first few seconds of a boot-up.
Once inside the BIOS, great care should be taken. It is a good idea to write down on a piece of paper all the settings that appear on the screen. That way, if you change something and the computer becomes more unstable, you will know what settings to revert to.
A common BIOS error concerns the CAS latency. This refers to the Ram. Older EDO (extended data out) Ram has a CAS latency of 3. Newer SDRam has a CAS latency of 2. Setting the wrong figure can cause the Ram to lock up and freeze the computer's display.
Mcft Windows is better at allocating IRQ numbers than any BIOS. If possible set the IRQ numbers to Auto in the BIOS. This will allow Windows to allocate the IRQ numbers (make sure the BIOS setting for Plug and Play OS is switched to 'yes' to allow Windows to do this).


4 Hard disk drives

After a few weeks, the information on a hard disk drive starts to become piecemeal or fragmented. It is a good idea to defragment the hard disk every week or so, to prevent the disk from causing a screen freeze. Go to

* Start-Programs-Accessories-System Tools-Disk Defragmenter

This will start the procedure. You will be unable to write data to the hard drive (to save it) while the disk is defragmenting, so it is a good idea to schedule the procedure for a period of inactivity using the Task Scheduler.
The Task Scheduler should be one of the small icons on the bottom right of the Windows opening page (the desktop).
Some lockups and screen freezes caused by hard disk problems can be solved by reducing the read-ahead optimisation. This can be adjusted by going to

* Start-Settings-Control Panel-System Icon-Performance-File System-Hard Disk.

Hard disks will slow down and crash if they are too full. Do some housekeeping on your hard drive every few months and free some space on it. Open the Windows folder on the C drive and find the Temporary Internet Files folder. Deleting the contents (not the folder) can free a lot of space.
Empty the Recycle Bin every week to free more space. Hard disk drives should be scanned every week for errors or bad sectors. Go to

* Start-Programs-Accessories-System Tools-ScanDisk

Otherwise assign the Task Scheduler to perform this operation at night when the computer is not in use.

5 Fatal OE exceptions and VXD errors

Fatal OE exception errors and VXD errors are often caused by video card problems.
These can often be resolved easily by reducing the resolution of the video display. Go to

* Start-Settings-Control Panel-Display-Settings

Here you should slide the screen area bar to the left. Take a look at the colour settings on the left of that window. For most desktops, high colour 16-bit depth is adequate.
If the screen freezes or you experience system lockups it might be due to the video card. Make sure it does not have a hardware conflict. Go to

* Start-Settings-Control Panel-System-Device Manager

Here, select the + beside Display Adapter. A line of text describing your video card should appear. Select it (make it blue) and press properties. Then select Resources and select each line in the window. Look for a message that says No Conflicts.
If you have video card hardware conflict, you will see it here. Be careful at this point and make a note of everything you do in case you make things worse.

The way to resolve a hardware conflict is to uncheck the Use Automatic Settings box and hit the Change Settings button. You are searching for a setting that will display a No Conflicts message.
Another useful way to resolve video problems is to go to

* Start-Settings-Control Panel-System-Performance-Graphics

Here you should move the Hardware Acceleration slider to the left. As ever, the most common cause of problems relating to graphics cards is old or faulty drivers (a driver is a small piece of software used by a computer to communicate with a device).
Look up your video card's manufacturer on the internet and search for the most recent drivers for it.


6 Viruses

Often the first sign of a virus infection is instability. Some viruses erase the boot sector of a hard drive, making it impossible to start. This is why it is a good idea to create a Windows start-up disk. Go to

* Start-Settings-Control Panel-Add/Remove Programs

Here, look for the Start Up Disk tab. Virus protection requires constant vigilance.
A virus scanner requires a list of virus signatures in order to be able to identify viruses. These signatures are stored in a DAT file. DAT files should be updated weekly from the website of your antivirus software manufacturer.
An excellent antivirus programme is McAfee VirusScan by Network Associates.
Another is Norton AntiVirus 2000, made by Symantec.

7 Printers

The action of sending a document to print creates a bigger file, often called a postscript file.
Printers have only a small amount of memory, called a buffer. This can be easily overloaded. Printing a document also uses a considerable amount of CPU power. This will also slow down the computer's performance.

If the printer is trying to print unusual characters, these might not be recognised, and can crash the computer. Sometimes printers will not recover from a crash because of confusion in the buffer. A good way to clear the buffer is to unplug the printer for ten seconds. Booting up from a powerless state, also called a cold boot, will restore the printer's default settings and you may be able to carry on.


8 Software
A common cause of computer crash is faulty or badly-installed software. Often the problem can be cured by uninstalling the software and then reinstalling it. Use Norton Uninstall or Uninstall Shield to remove an application from your system properly. This will also remove references to the programme in the System Registry and leaves the way clear for a completely fresh copy.
The System Registry can be corrupted by old references to obsolete software that you thought was uninstalled. Use Reg Cleaner by Jouni Vuorio to clean up the System Registry and remove obsolete entries. It works on Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows 98 SE (Second Edition), Windows Millennium Edition (ME), NT4 and Windows 2000.

Read the instructions and use it carefully so you don't do permanent damage to the Registry. If the Registry is damaged you will have to reinstall your operating system. Often a Windows problem can be resolved by entering Safe Mode. This can be done during start-up. When you see the message "Starting Windows" press F4. This should take you into Safe Mode.
Safe Mode loads a minimum of drivers. It allows you to find and fix problems that prevent Windows from loading properly.

Sometimes installing Windows is difficult because of unsuitable BIOS settings. If you keep getting SUWIN error messages (Windows setup) during the Windows installation, then try entering the BIOS and disabling the CPU internal cache. Try to disable the Level 2 (L2) cache if that doesn't work.

Remember to restore all the BIOS settings back to their former settings following installation.

9 Overheating
Central processing units (CPUs) are usually equipped with fans to keep them cool. If the fan fails or if the CPU gets old it may start to overheat and generate a particular kind of error called a kernel error. This is a common problem in chips that have been overclocked to operate at higher speeds than they are supposed to.

One remedy is to get a bigger better fan and install it on top of the CPU. CPU problems can often be fixed by disabling the CPU internal cache in the BIOS. This will make the machine run more slowly, but it should also be more stable.

10 Power supply problems
With all the new construction going on around the country the steady supply of electricity has become disrupted. A power surge or spike can crash a computer as easily as a power cut.
If this has become a nuisance for you then consider buying a uninterrupted power supply (UPS). This will give you a clean power supply when there is electricity, and it will give you a few minutes to perform a controlled shutdown in case of a power cut.
It is a good investment if your data are critical, because a power cut will cause any unsaved data to be lost.

Also read the articles on
  1. Black Hat Search Engine Optimization
  2. What is Cloaking?
  3. What are Meta-Tags?
  4. High Google Pagerank
  5. Keyword Research
  6. Directory Submission


Computer Abbreviations

---A---
ADSL - Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line
AGP - Accelerated Graphics Port
ALI - Acer Labs, Incorporated
ALU - Arithmetic Logic Unit
AMD - Advanced Micro Devices
APC - American Power Conversion
ASCII - American Standard Code for Information Interchange
ASIC - Application Specific Integrated Circuit
ASPI - Advanced SCSI Programming Interface
AT - Advanced Technology
ATI - ATI Technologies Inc
ATX - Advanced Technology Extended
--- B ---
BFG - BFG Technologies
BIOS - Basic Input Output System
BNC - Barrel Nut Connector
--- C ---
CAS - Column Address Signal
CD - Compact Disk
CDR - Compact Disk Recorder
CDRW - Compact Disk Re-Writer
CD-ROM - Compact Disk - Read Only Memory
CFM - Cubic Feet per Minute (ft�/min)
CMOS - Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor
CPU - Central Processing Unit
CTX - CTX Technology Corporation (Commited to Excellence)
--- D ---
DDR - Double Data Rate
DDR-SDRAM - Double Data Rate - Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory
DFI - DFI Inc. (Design for Innovation)
DIMM - Dual Inline Memory Module
DRAM - Dynamic Random Access Memory
DPI - Dots Per Inch
DVD - Digital Versatile Disc
DVD-RAM - Digital Versatile Disk - Random Access Memory
--- E ---
ECC - Error Correction Code
ECS - Elitegroup Computer Systems
EDO - Extended Data Out
EEPROM - Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory
EPROM - Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory
EVGA - EVGA Corporation
--- F ---
FC-PGA - Flip Chip Pin Grid Array
FDC - Floppy Disk Controller
FDD - Floppy Disk Drive
FPS - Frame Per Second
FPU - Floating Point Unit
FSAA - Full Screen Anti-Aliasing
FS - For Sale
FSB - Front Side Bus
--- G ---
GB - GigabytesGBps - Gigabytes per second or Gigabits per secondGDI - Graphical Device InterfaceGHz - GigaHertz
--- H ---
HDD - Hard Disk Drive
HIS - Hightech Information System Limited
HP - Hewlett-Packard Development Company
HSF - Heatsink-Fan
--- I ---
IBM - International Business Machines Corporation
IC - Integrated Circuit
IDE - Integrated Drive Electronics
IFS- Item for Sale
IRQ - Interrupt Request
ISA - Industry Standard Architecture
ISO - International Standards Organization
--- J ---
JBL - JBL (Jame B. Lansing) Speakers
JVC - JVC Company of America
- K ---
Kbps - Kilobits Per Second
KBps - KiloBytes per second
--- L ---
LG - LG Electronics
LAN - Local Are Network
LCD - Liquid Crystal Display
LDT - Lightning Data Transport
LED - Light Emitting Diode
--- M ---
MAC - Media Access Control
MB - MotherBoard or Megabyte
MBps - Megabytes Per SecondMbps - Megabits Per Second or Megabits Per Second
MHz - MegaHertz
MIPS - Million Instructions Per Second
MMX - Multi-Media Extensions
MSI - Micro Star International
--- N ---
NAS - Network Attached Storage
NAT - Network Address Translation
NEC - NEC Corporation
NIC - Network Interface Card
--- O ---
OC - Overclock (Over Clock)
OCZ - OCZ Technology
OEM - Original Equipment Manufacturer
--- P ---
PC - Personal Computer
PCB - Printed Circuit Board
PCI - Peripheral Component Interconnect
PDA - Personal Digital Assistant
PCMCIA - Peripheral Component Microchannel Interconnect Architecture
PGA - Professional Graphics Array
PLD - Programmable Logic Device
PM - Private Message / Private Messaging
PnP - Plug 'n Play
PNY - PNY Technology
POST - Power On Self Test
PPPoA - Point-to-Point Protocol over ATM
PPPoE - Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet
PQI - PQI Corporation
PSU - Power Supply Unit
--- R ---
RAID - Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks
RAM - Random Access Memory
RAMDAC - Random Access Memory Digital Analog Convertor
RDRAM - Rambus Dynamic Random Access Memory
ROM - Read Only MemoryRPM - Revolutions Per Minute
--- S ---
SASID - Self-scanned Amorphous Silicon Integrated Display
SCA - SCSI Configured Automatically
SCSI - Small Computer System Interface
SDRAM - Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory
SECC - Single Edge Contact Connector
SODIMM - Small Outline Dual Inline Memory Module
SPARC - Scalable Processor ArChitecture
SOHO - Small Office Home Office
SRAM - Static Random Access Memory
SSE - Streaming SIMD Extensions
SVGA - Super Video Graphics Array
S/PDIF - Sony/Philips Digital Interface
--- T ---
TB - Terabytes
TBps - Terabytes per second
Tbps - Terabits per second
TDK - TDK Electronics
TEC - Thermoelectric Cooler
TPC - TipidPC
TWAIN - Technology Without An Important Name
--- U ---
UART - Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter
USB - Universal Serial Bus
UTP - Unshieled Twisted Pair
--- V ---
VCD - Video CD
VPN - Virtual Private Network
--- W ---
WAN - Wide Area Network
WTB - Want to Buy
WYSIWYG - What You See Is What You Get
--- X ---
XGA - Extended Graphics Array
XFX - XFX Graphics, a Division of Pine
XMS - Extended Memory Specification
XT - Extended Technology

FTP error codes and their meanings

# Description


110 Restart marker reply. In this case, the text is exact and not left to the particular implementation; it must read: MARK yyyy = mmmm where yyyy is User-process data stream marker, and mmmm server's equivalent marker (note the spaces between markers and "=").

120 Service ready in nnn minutes.

125 Data connection already open; transfer starting.

150 File status okay; about to open data connection.

200 Command okay.

202 Command not implemented, superfluous at this site.

211 System status, or system help reply.

212 Directory status.

213 File status.

214 Help message.On how to use the server or the meaning of a particular non-standard command. This reply is useful only to the human user.

215 NAME system type. Where NAME is an official system name from the list in the Assigned Numbers document.

220 Service ready for new user.

221 Service closing control connection.

225 Data connection open; no transfer in progress.

226 Closing data connection. Requested file action successful (for example, file transfer or file abort).

227 Entering Passive Mode (h1,h2,h3,h4,p1,p2).

230 User logged in, proceed. Logged out if appropriate.

250 Requested file action okay, completed.

257 "PATHNAME" created.

331 User name okay, need password.

332 Need account for login.

350 Requested file action pending further information

421 Service not available, closing control connection.This may be a reply to any command if the service knows it must shut down.

425 Can't open data connection.

426 Connection closed; transfer aborted.

450 Requested file action not taken.

451 Requested action aborted. Local error in processing.

452 Requested action not taken. Insufficient storage space in system.File unavailable (e.g., file busy).

500 Syntax error, command unrecognized. This may include errors such as command line too long.

501 Syntax error in parameters or arguments.

502 Command not implemented.

503 Bad sequence of commands.

504 Command not implemented for that parameter.

530 Not logged in.

532 Need account for storing files.

550 Requested action not taken. File unavailable (e.g., file not found, no access).

551 Requested action aborted. Page type unknown.

552 Requested file action aborted. Exceeded storage allocation (for current directory or dataset).
553 Requested action not taken. File name not allowed.

Things to lookout before you buy a DIGITAL CAMERA

Megapixels

When it comes to megapixels, the more the better. I recommend a minimum of 2, but 3 or 4 is great. We did a test to see if a camera with 2.3 megapixels (actually 1.92 - 1600 x 1200) could produce a good quality 8x10.

Turns out it can, if you have the right paper and printer. We used HP Premium Plus photo paper with an HP 970 series printer and made a fantastic 8 x 10. Remember, I was a professional photographer before I got into computing, so I know a good print when I see it :-)
The resolution at 8x10 (we had to crop in to make the picture proportional to 8x10) was only 150 DPI. Most printers would not make a real good 8x10 at that resolution, but this one did. So, if you want to be sure you can get good 8 x 10s, you may want to go with a 3 megapixel camera or better (that gives you around 200 DPI at 8x10 size, still not quite the optimum 300 DPI, but it looks good with the right printer).

Optical vs Digital Zoom

You've probably noticed that most digital cameras have both a specification for digital and optical zoom. Pay the most attention to the optical zoom.
The optical zoom magnifies (zooms in) using glass. The digital zoom basically crops out the edge of the picture to make the subject appear closer, causing you to lose resolution or to get an interpolated resolution (i.e. the camera adds pixels). Neither of which help image quality.
Finally, make sure you get enough (optical) zoom. A 2x zoom isn't going to do much for you. A 3x is the average you'll find in most digital cameras will probably be good for most uses. More on lenses later.

Connection

How does the camera connect to your computer? If you have a USB port in your computer, you'll want a camera that can connect via USB as opposed to a slow serial connection.
On the other hand, if your computer doesn't have a USB port, is there a serial connector available for the camera you're looking at? If so, is it a special order and how long does it take to get it?

Storage

What does the camera use to store images with? If it uses a memory stick, make sure you consider buying additional sticks when you get your camera. A typical 8 meg memory stick that comes with a 2 megapixel camera only holds 5 or 6 images at the camera's best quality.
Some cameras use a 3.5 inch disk for storage. Be careful of these!Although it may sound like a good idea, a 3 megapixel camera at high resolution produces a 1 meg file (compressed!). That's only 1 picture per disk.
Here's a few more things to look out for when trying to make your digital camera purchase.

Picture Formats

When you're trying to decide on which digital camera to get, check and see how many different picture formats it supports.
You want something that can produce both uncompressed (usually TIFF) and compressed (usually JPEG) images. I personally use the high quality JPEG setting on my camera for most of my shooting. TIFFs are just too big and the difference in quality is not ascertainable by mere mortals.

You also want to be able to shoot at a lower resolution than the camera's maximum. That way, If you're running short on memory, you can squeeze a few more shots on your memory stick.

Auxiliary Lens / Flash

This was a biggie for me. While a 3x zoom may work for the "average" user, I needed something that allowed me to do some wide angle work as well as have a good telephoto lens.
So, the camera I purchased a few months back was a Nikon Coolpix 990 (note that this isn't the only camera that can accept lenses). It has auxiliary lenses that screw into the filter ring on the front of the lens. I now have an ultra-wide fisheye lens plus a nice telephoto.

In addition to lenses, I wanted a good flash. The flash that is built into most of these cameras gives you a top range of 15-20 feet - at best. I wanted a camera that could take a powerful auxiliary flash (again, the Nikon isn't the only camera that fits this requirement, but I liked it better than the rest). If you need more reach than the small built in flash can deliver, then make sure you can attach an external flash to any camera you consider.
As an added bonus, if you get a camera that can take an external flash, you can place that flash on a bracket and eliminate red-eye.

Flash Distance

Speaking of flashes, make sure you check the distance the built in flash is good for. You don't want a camera with a wimpy flash that only travels a few feet (well, unless you can get an external flash for it as described above).

Battery Type

This may not sound important, but it is. Anyone who owns a digital camera can tell you they eat batteries the way a sumo wrestler eats at a buffet.

Make sure the camera can run on regular (or rechargeable) "AA" type batteries. You don't want a camera that eats through expensive lithium batteries every 10 shots or so.

One thing to remember about digital cameras, they do eat through batteries. I recommend getting some Nickel Metal Hydride rechargeable for it. I have some for mine and they have saved me a fortune.

Final Notes

Choosing a digital camera isn't easy. There's a huge selection out there and only you can determine which features you need.
For instance, if you shoot wildlife photos, a small 3x zoom probably isn't going to cut it (unless you can attach auxiliary lenses to it). If you shoot lots of close-ups, make sure the camera has some sort of macro capability. If you shoot big group photos indoors, an external flash may be necessary.

My advice is to make a list of things you want to be able to do with the camera then go to somewhere that can help you make a good purchase decision.

Finally, buy the BEST camera you can possibly afford. Or wait until the price drops on one with the type of features you want.

Internet

The Internet is a computer network made up of thousands of networks worldwide. No one knows exactly how many computers are connected to the Internet. It is certain, however, that these number in the millions.
No one is in charge of the Internet. There are organizations which develop technical aspects of this network and set standards for creating applications on it, but no governing body is in control. The Internet backbone, through which Internet traffic flows, is owned by private companies.
All computers on the Internet communicate with one another using the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol suite, abbreviated to TCP/IP. Computers on the Internet use a client/server architecture. This means that the remote server machine provides files and services to the user's local client machine. Software can be installed on a client computer to take advantage of the latest access technology.
An Internet user has access to a wide variety of services: electronic mail, file transfer, vast information resources, interest group membership, interactive collaboration, multimedia displays, real-time broadcasting, shopping opportunities, breaking news, and much more.
The Internet consists primarily of a variety of access protocols. Many of these protocols feature programs that allow users to search for and retrieve material made available by the protocol.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COMPONENTS OF THE INTERNET
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WORLD WIDE WEBThe World Wide Web (abbreviated as the Web or WWW) is a system of Internet servers that supports hypertext to access several Internet protocols on a single interface. Almost every protocol type available on the Internet is accessible on the Web. This includes e-mail, FTP, Telnet, and Usenet News. In addition to these, the World Wide Web has its own protocol: HyperText Transfer Protocol, or HTTP. These protocols will be explained later in this document.
The World Wide Web provides a single interface for accessing all these protocols. This creates a convenient and user-friendly environment. It is no longer necessary to be conversant in these protocols within separate, command-level environments. The Web gathers together these protocols into a single system. Because of this feature, and because of the Web's ability to work with multimedia and advanced programming languages, the Web is the fastest-growing component of the Internet.
The operation of the Web relies primarily on hypertext as its means of information retrieval. HyperText is a document containing words that connect to other documents. These words are called links and are selectable by the user. A single hypertext document can contain links to many documents. In the context of the Web, words or graphics may serve as links to other documents, images, video, and sound. Links may or may not follow a logical path, as each connection is programmed by the creator of the source document. Overall, the Web contains a complex virtual web of connections among a vast number of documents, graphics, videos, and sounds.
Producing hypertext for the Web is accomplished by creating documents with a language called HyperText Markup Language, or HTML. With HTML, tags are placed within the text to accomplish document formatting, visual features such as font size, italics and bold, and the creation of hypertext links. Graphics and multimedia may also be incorporated into an HTML document. HTML is an evolving language, with new tags being added as each upgrade of the language is developed and released. The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), led by Web founder Tim Berners-Lee, coordinates the efforts of standardizing HTML. The W3C now calls the language XHTML and considers it to be an application of the XML language standard.
The World Wide Web consists of files, called pages or home pages, containing links to documents and resources throughout the Internet.
The Web provides a vast array of experiences including multimedia presentations, real-time collaboration, interactive pages, radio and television broadcasts, and the automatic "push" of information to a client computer. Programming languages such as Java, JavaScript, Visual Basic, Cold Fusion and XML are extending the capabilities of the Web. A growing amount of information on the Web is served dynamically from content stored in databases. The Web is therefore not a fixed entity, but one that is in a constant state of development and flux.
For more complete information about the World Wide Web, see Understanding The World Wide Web.
E-MAILElectronic mail, or e-mail, allows computer users locally and worldwide to exchange messages. Each user of e-mail has a mailbox address to which messages are sent. Messages sent through e-mail can arrive within a matter of seconds.
A powerful aspect of e-mail is the option to send electronic files to a person's e-mail address. Non-ASCII files, known as binary files, may be attached to e-mail messages. These files are referred to as MIME attachments.MIME stands for Multimedia Internet Mail Extension, and was developed to help e-mail software handle a variety of file types. For example, a document created in Microsoft Word can be attached to an e-mail message and retrieved by the recipient with the appropriate e-mail program. Many e-mail programs, including Eudora, Netscape Messenger, and Microsoft Outlook, offer the ability to read files written in HTML, which is itself a MIME type.
TELNETTelnet is a program that allows you to log into computers on the Internet and use online databases, library catalogs, chat services, and more. There are no graphics in Telnet sessions, just text. To Telnet to a computer, you must know its address. This can consist of words (locis.loc.gov) or numbers (140.147.254.3). Some services require you to connect to a specific port on the remote computer. In this case, type the port number after the Internet address. Example: telnet nri.reston.va.us 185.
Telnet is available on the World Wide Web. Probably the most common Web-based resources available through Telnet have been library catalogs, though most catalogs have since migrated to the Web. A link to a Telnet resource may look like any other link, but it will launch a Telnet session to make the connection. A Telnet program must be installed on your local computer and configured to your Web browser in order to work.
With the increasing popularity of the Web, Telnet has become less frequently used as a means of access to information on the Internet.
FTPFTP stands for File Transfer Protocol. This is both a program and the method used to transfer files between computers. Anonymous FTP is an option that allows users to transfer files from thousands of host computers on the Internet to their personal computer account. FTP sites contain books, articles, software, games, images, sounds, multimedia, course work, data sets, and more.
If your computer is directly connected to the Internet via an Ethernet cable, you can use one of several PC software programs, such as WS_FTP for Windows, to conduct a file transfer.
FTP transfers can be performed on the World Wide Web without the need for special software. In this case, the Web browser will suffice. Whenever you download software from a Web site to your local machine, you are using FTP. You can also retrieve FTP files via search engines such as FtpFind, located at /http://www.ftpfind.com/. This option is easiest because you do not need to know FTP program commands.
E-MAIL DISCUSSION GROUPSOne of the benefits of the Internet is the opportunity it offers to people worldwide to communicate via e-mail. The Internet is home to a large community of individuals who carry out active discussions organized around topic-oriented forums distributed by e-mail. These are administered by software programs. Probably the most common program is the listserv.
A great variety of topics are covered by listservs, many of them academic in nature. When you subscribe to a listserv, messages from other subscribers are automatically sent to your electronic mailbox. You subscribe to a listserv by sending an e-mail message to a computer program called a listserver. Listservers are located on computer networks throughout the world. This program handles subscription information and distributes messages to and from subscribers. You must have a e-mail account to participate in a listserv discussion group. Visit Tile.net at /http://tile.net/ to see an example of a site that offers a searchablecollection of e-mail discussion groups.
Majordomo and Listproc are two other programs that administer e-mail discussion groups. The commands for subscribing to and managing your list memberships are similar to those of listserv.
USENET NEWSUsenet News is a global electronic bulletin board system in which millions of computer users exchange information on a vast range of topics. The major difference between Usenet News and e-mail discussion groups is the fact that Usenet messages are stored on central computers, and users must connect to these computers to read or download the messages posted to these groups. This is distinct from e-mail distribution, in which messages arrive in the electronic mailboxes of each list member.
Usenet itself is a set of machines that exchanges messages, or articles, from Usenet discussion forums, called newsgroups. Usenet administrators control their own sites, and decide which (if any) newsgroups to sponsor and which remote newsgroups to allow into the system.
There are thousands of Usenet newsgroups in existence. While many are academic in nature, numerous newsgroups are organized around recreational topics. Much serious computer-related work takes place in Usenet discussions. A small number of e-mail discussion groups also exist as Usenet newsgroups.
The Usenet newsfeed can be read by a variety of newsreader software programs. For example, the Netscape suite comes with a newsreader program called Messenger. Newsreaders are also available as standalone products.
FAQ, RFC, FYIFAQ stands for Frequently Asked Questions. These are periodic postings to Usenet newsgroups that contain a wealth of information related to the topic of the newsgroup. Many FAQs are quite extensive. FAQs are available by subscribing to individual Usenet newsgroups. A Web-based collection of FAQ resources has been collected by The Internet FAQ Consortium and is available at /http://www.faqs.org/.
RFC stands for Request for Comments. These are documents created by and distributed to the Internet community to help define the nuts and bolts of the Internet. They contain both technical specifications and general information.
FYI stands for For Your Information. These notes are a subset of RFCs and contain information of interest to new Internet users.
Links to indexes of all three of these information resources are available on the University Libraries Web site at /http://library.albany.edu/reference/faqs.html.
CHAT & INSTANT MESSENGINGChat programs allow users on the Internet to communicate with each other by typing in real time. They are sometimes included as a feature of a Web site, where users can log into the "chat room" to exchange comments and information about the topics addressed on the site. Chat may take other, more wide-ranging forms. For example, America Online is well known for sponsoring a number of topical chat rooms.
Internet Relay Chat (IRC) is a service through which participants can communicate to each other on hundreds of channels. These channels are usually based on specific topics. While many topics are frivolous, substantive conversations are also taking place. To access IRC, you must use an IRC software program.
A variation of chat is the phenomenon of instant messenging. With instant messenging, a user on the Web can contact another user currently logged in and type a conversation. Most famous is America Online's Instant Messenger. ICQ, MSN and Yahoo are other commonly-used chat programs.
Other types of real-time communication are addressed in the tutorial Understanding the World Wide Web.
MUD/MUSH/MOO/MUCK/DUM/MUSEMUD stands for Multi User Dimension. MUDs, and their variations listed above, are multi-user virtual reality games based on simulated worlds. Traditionally text based, graphical MUDs now exist. There are MUDs of all kinds on the Internet, and many can be joined free of charge. For more information, read one of the FAQs devoted to MUDs available at the FAQ site at

Technology E-books which you should read

110 minute guide to lotus notes mail 4.5http://www.parsian.net/set1252/pages/books.htm
210 minute guide to Microsoft exchange 5.0http://www.parsian.net/set1252/pages/books.htm
310 minute guide to outlook 97http://www.parsian.net/set1252/pages/books.htm
410 minute guide to schedule+ for windows 95http://www.parsian.net/set1252/pages/books.htm
5ActiveX programming unleashedhttp://www.parsian.net/set1252/pages/books.htm
6ActiveX programming unleashedhttp://www.emu.edu.tr/english/facilitiesservices/computercenter/bookslib/
7Advanced perl programminghttp://www.hk8.org/old_web/
8Advanced PL/SQL programming with packageshttp://www.hk8.org/old_web/
9Adventure in Prolog/AMZIhttp://www.oopweb.com/
10Algorithms CMSC251/Mount, Davidhttp://www.oopweb.com/
11Alison Balter's Mastering Access 95 development, premier ed.http://www.emu.edu.tr/english/facilitiesservices/computercenter/bookslib/
12Apache : The definitive guide, 3rd.ed.http://www.hk8.org/old_web/
13Beej's guide to network programming/Hall, Brainhttp://www.oopweb.com/
14Beyond Linux from Scratch/BLFS Development Teamhttp://book.onairweb.net/computer/os/linux/Administration/Beyond_Linux_From_Scratch/
15Borland C++ builder unleashedhttp://www.parsian.net/set1252/pages/books.htm
16Building an intranet with windows NT 4http://www.parsian.net/set1252/pages/books.htm
17Building an Intranet with Windows NT 4http://www.emu.edu.tr/english/facilitiesservices/computercenter/bookslib/
18Building expert systems in prolog/AMZIhttp://www.oopweb.com/
19C programming languagehttp://book.onairweb.net/computer/pl/C/The_C_Programming_Language_by_K&R/
20C Programming/Holmes, Stevenhttp://www.oopweb.com/
21C++ Annotationshttp://www.oopweb.com/
22CGI developer's guidehttp://www.emu.edu.tr/english/facilitiesservices/computercenter/bookslib/
23CGI manual of stylehttp://www.parsian.net/set1252/pages/books.htm
24CGI manual of style onlinehttp://www.emu.edu.tr/english/facilitiesservices/computercenter/bookslib/
25CGI programminghttp://www.hk8.org/old_web/
26CGI programming unleashedhttp://www.parsian.net/set1252/pages/books.htm
27CGI programming with Perl, 2nd.ed.http://www.hk8.org/old_web/
28Charlie Calvert's Borland C++ builder unleashedhttp://www.emu.edu.tr/english/facilitiesservices/computercenter/bookslib/
29Client/server computing, 2nd.ed.http://www.parsian.net/set1252/pages/books.htm
30Client-server computing, 2nd.ed.http://www.emu.edu.tr/english/facilitiesservices/computercenter/bookslib/
31Common LISP, the language/Steele, Guyhttp://www.oopweb.com/
32Compilers and compiler generators : an introduction with C++/Terry, P.D.http://www.oopweb.com/
33Complete idiot's guide to creating HTML webpagehttp://www.parsian.net/set1252/pages/books.htm
34Computer graphics CMSC 427/Mount, Davidhttp://www.oopweb.com/
35Configuring and troubleshooting the windows NT/95 registryhttp://www.parsian.net/set1252/pages/books.htm
36Creating commercial websiteshttp://www.emu.edu.tr/english/facilitiesservices/computercenter/bookslib/
37Creating web applets with Javahttp://www.emu.edu.tr/english/facilitiesservices/computercenter/bookslib/
38Crystal Reports.NEThttp://www.crystalreportsbook.com/Chapters.asp
39Curious about the internethttp://www.emu.edu.tr/english/facilitiesservices/computercenter/bookslib/
40Curious about the internet?http://www.parsian.net/set1252/pages/books.htm
41Dan appleman's developing activeX components with Visual Basic 5http://www.emu.edu.tr/english/facilitiesservices/computercenter/bookslib/
42Dan appleman's developing activex components with Visual Basic 5.0http://www.parsian.net/set1252/pages/books.htm
43Data structures CMSC420/Mount, Davidhttp://www.oopweb.com/
44Database developer's guide with visual basic 4, 2nd.ed.http://www.parsian.net/set1252/pages/books.htm
45Database developer's guide with Visual Basic 4, 2nd.ed.http://www.emu.edu.tr/english/facilitiesservices/computercenter/bookslib/
46Database developer's guide with Visual C++ 4, 2nd.ed.http://www.parsian.net/set1252/pages/books.htm
47Database developer's guide with Visual C++ 4, 2nd.ed.http://www.emu.edu.tr/english/facilitiesservices/computercenter/bookslib/
48Design and analysis of computer algorithms CMSC451/Mount, Davidhttp://www.oopweb.com/
49Designing implementing Microsoft internet information serverhttp://www.emu.edu.tr/english/facilitiesservices/computercenter/bookslib/
50Designing implementing Microsoft proxy serverhttp://www.emu.edu.tr/english/facilitiesservices/computercenter/bookslib/
51Developing for netscape onehttp://www.parsian.net/set1252/pages/books.htm
52Developing intranet applications with javahttp://www.parsian.net/set1252/pages/books.htm
53Developing personal oracle 7 for windows 95 applicationshttp://www.parsian.net/set1252/pages/books.htm
54Developing personal Oracle 7 for windows 95 applicationshttp://www.emu.edu.tr/english/facilitiesservices/computercenter/bookslib/
55Developing professional java appletshttp://www.parsian.net/set1252/pages/books.htm
56Developing professional java appletshttp://www.emu.edu.tr/english/facilitiesservices/computercenter/bookslib/
57DNS and BINDhttp://www.hk8.org/old_web/
58Doing objects with VB.NET and C#http://vbwire.com/nl?6814
59EAI/BPM Evaluation Series: IBM WebSphere MQ Workflow v3.3.2 & EAI Suite by> Middleware Technology Evaluation Series, Phong Tran & Jeffrey Gosperhttp://www.cmis.csiro.au/mte/reports/BPM_IBMwebsphereMQ332.htm
60Effective AWK programminghttp://book.onairweb.net/computer/os/shell/Effective_AWK_Programming/
61Enterprise javabeans, 2nd.ed.http://www.hk8.org/old_web/
62Exploring javahttp://www.hk8.org/old_web/
63GNOME/Sheets, Johnhttp://www.oopweb.com/
64Graph theory/Prof. Evenhttp://www.oopweb.com/
65Hacking javahttp://www.parsian.net/set1252/pages/books.htm
66How intranets workhttp://www.parsian.net/set1252/pages/books.htm
67How intranets workhttp://www.emu.edu.tr/english/facilitiesservices/computercenter/bookslib/
68How to program visual basic 5.0http://www.parsian.net/set1252/pages/books.htm
69How to use HTML 3.2http://www.parsian.net/set1252/pages/books.htm
70Html : The definitive guidehttp://www.hk8.org/old_web/
71HTML 3.2 & CGI unleashedhttp://www.parsian.net/set1252/pages/books.htm
72HTML 3.2 and CGI professional reference edition unleashedhttp://www.emu.edu.tr/english/facilitiesservices/computercenter/bookslib/
73HTML by examplehttp://www.emu.edu.tr/english/facilitiesservices/computercenter/bookslib/
74Internet firewallhttp://www.hk8.org/old_web/
75Intranets unleashedhttp://www.parsian.net/set1252/pages/books.htm
76Introduction to object-oriented programming using C++/Muller, Peterhttp://www.oopweb.com/
77Introduction to programming using Java/Eck, Davidhttp://www.oopweb.com/
78Introduction to socket programminghttp://book.onairweb.net/computer/network/An_Introduction_to_Socket_Programming/
79Java 1.1 unleashedhttp://www.emu.edu.tr/english/facilitiesservices/computercenter/bookslib/
80Java 1.1 unleashed, 2nd.ed.http://www.parsian.net/set1252/pages/books.htm
81Java 1.1 unleashed, 3rd.ed.http://www.parsian.net/set1252/pages/books.htm
82Java 114 documentationhttp://www.emu.edu.tr/english/facilitiesservices/computercenter/bookslib/
83Java AWT referencehttp://www.hk8.org/old_web/
84Java by examplehttp://www.emu.edu.tr/english/facilitiesservices/computercenter/bookslib/
85Java developer's guidehttp://www.parsian.net/set1252/pages/books.htm
86Java developer's guidehttp://www.emu.edu.tr/english/facilitiesservices/computercenter/bookslib/
87Java developer's referencehttp://www.parsian.net/set1252/pages/books.htm
88Java developer's referencehttp://www.emu.edu.tr/english/facilitiesservices/computercenter/bookslib/
89Java Distributed computinghttp://www.hk8.org/old_web/
90Java enterprisehttp://www.hk8.org/old_web/
91Java enterprise in a nutshellhttp://www.hk8.org/old_web/
92Java foundation classes in a nutshellhttp://www.hk8.org/old_web/
93Java fundamental classes referencehttp://www.hk8.org/old_web/
94Java in a nutshellhttp://www.hk8.org/old_web/
95Java in a nutshell, 3rd.ed.http://www.hk8.org/old_web/
96Java language referencehttp://www.hk8.org/old_web/
97Java securityhttp://www.hk8.org/old_web/
98Java servlet programminghttp://www.hk8.org/old_web/
99Java unleashedhttp://www.parsian.net/set1252/pages/books.htm
100Java unleashedhttp://www.emu.edu.tr/english/facilitiesservices/computercenter/bookslib/
101Java, 2nd.ed.http://www.emu.edu.tr/english/facilitiesservices/computercenter/bookslib/
102_JavaScript : the definitive guidehttp://www.hk8.org/old_web/
103_Javascript manual of stylehttp://www.parsian.net/set1252/pages/books.htm
104_Javascript manual of stylehttp://www.emu.edu.tr/english/facilitiesservices/computercenter/bookslib/
105Josh's GNU Linux Guide/Joshuahttp://book.onairweb.net/computer/os/linux/Administration/Josh
106Late night activexhttp://www.parsian.net/set1252/pages/books.htm
107Late night activeXhttp://www.emu.edu.tr/english/facilitiesservices/computercenter/bookslib/
108Laura lemay's 3D graphics in and VRML 2http://www.parsian.net/set1252/pages/books.htm
109Laura lemay's activex and _VBScripthttp://www.parsian.net/set1252/pages/books.htm
110Laura lemay's graphics and web page designhttp://www.parsian.net/set1252/pages/books.htm
111Laura lemay's guide to sizzling websites designhttp://www.parsian.net/set1252/pages/books.htm
112Laura lemay's _javascript 1.1http://www.parsian.net/set1252/pages/books.htm
113Laura lemay's web workshop activex and _VBScripthttp://www.emu.edu.tr/english/facilitiesservices/computercenter/bookslib/
114Laura lemay's web workshop Graphics web page designhttp://www.emu.edu.tr/english/facilitiesservices/computercenter/bookslib/
115Laura lemay's web workshop _javascripthttp://www.emu.edu.tr/english/facilitiesservices/computercenter/bookslib/
116Learning perlhttp://www.hk8.org/old_web/
117Learning perl on win32http://www.hk8.org/old_web/
118Learning the kornshellhttp://www.hk8.org/old_web/
119Learning unixhttp://www.hk8.org/old_web/
120Learning vihttp://www.hk8.org/old_web/
121Linux from Scratch/Beekmans, Gerardhttp://book.onairweb.net/computer/os/linux/Administration/Linux_From_Scratch/
122Linux in a nutshell, 3rd.ed.http://www.hk8.org/old_web/
123Linux kernel/Rusling, Davidhttp://www.oopweb.com/
124Linux network administrator's guide/Dawson, Terryhttp://www.oopweb.com/
125Linux system administrator's survival guidehttp://www.emu.edu.tr/english/facilitiesservices/computercenter/bookslib/
126MAPI, SAPI and TAPI developer's guidehttp://www.parsian.net/set1252/pages/books.htm
127Mastering access 95 developmenthttp://www.parsian.net/set1252/pages/books.htm
128Microsoft access 97 quick referencehttp://www.parsian.net/set1252/pages/books.htm
129Microsoft access 97 quick referencehttp://www.emu.edu.tr/english/facilitiesservices/computercenter/bookslib/
130Microsoft backoffice 2 unleashedhttp://www.parsian.net/set1252/pages/books.htm
131Microsoft excel 97 quick referencehttp://www.parsian.net/set1252/pages/books.htm
132Microsoft excel 97 quick referencehttp://www.emu.edu.tr/english/facilitiesservices/computercenter/bookslib/
133Microsoft exchange server survival guidehttp://www.emu.edu.tr/english/facilitiesservices/computercenter/bookslib/
134Microsoft frontpage unleashedhttp://www.emu.edu.tr/english/facilitiesservices/computercenter/bookslib/
135Microsoft word 97 quick referencehttp://www.parsian.net/set1252/pages/books.htm
136Microsoft word 97 quick referencehttp://www.emu.edu.tr/english/facilitiesservices/computercenter/bookslib/
137Microsoft works 4.5 6-In-1http://www.emu.edu.tr/english/facilitiesservices/computercenter/bookslib/
138More than 100 full-text e-bookshttp://www.allfreetech.com/EBookCategory.asp
139Ms backoffice administrator's survival guidehttp://www.emu.edu.tr/english/facilitiesservices/computercenter/bookslib/
140Ms backoffice unleashedhttp://www.emu.edu.tr/english/facilitiesservices/computercenter/bookslib/
141Mysql and msqlhttp://www.hk8.org/old_web/
142Netscape plug-ins developer's kithttp://www.parsian.net/set1252/pages/books.htm
143Official gamelan java directoryhttp://www.parsian.net/set1252/pages/books.htm
144Oracle built-in packageshttp://www.hk8.org/old_web/
145Oracle PL/SQL built-in pocket referencehttp://www.hk8.org/old_web/
146Oracle PL/SQL language pocket referencehttp://www.hk8.org/old_web/
147Oracle PL/SQL programming guide to Oracle 8 featureshttp://www.hk8.org/old_web/
148Oracle PL/SQL programming, 2nd.ed.http://www.hk8.org/old_web/
149Oracle unleashedhttp://www.parsian.net/set1252/pages/books.htm
150Oracle unleashedhttp://www.emu.edu.tr/english/facilitiesservices/computercenter/bookslib/
151Oracle web applications PL/SQL developer's introductionhttp://www.hk8.org/old_web/
152Patterns of enterprise application architecture/Fowler, Martinhttp://www.awprofessional.com/catalog/product.asp?product_id={574D77DF-6ED2-BC5-A6A8-02E59CA7482D}
153PC week : the intranet advantagehttp://www.parsian.net/set1252/pages/books.htm
154Perl 5 by examplehttp://www.emu.edu.tr/english/facilitiesservices/computercenter/bookslib/
155Perl 5 quick referencehttp://www.parsian.net/set1252/pages/books.htm
156Perl 5 unleashedhttp://www.parsian.net/set1252/pages/books.htm
157Perl 5.0 CGI web pageshttp://www.parsian.net/set1252/pages/books.htm
158Perl cookbookhttp://www.hk8.org/old_web/
159Perl for system administrationhttp://www.hk8.org/old_web/
160Perl in a nutshellhttp://www.hk8.org/old_web/
161Perl quick referencehttp://www.emu.edu.tr/english/facilitiesservices/computercenter/bookslib/
162Peter norton's complete guide to windows NT 4 workstationshttp://www.emu.edu.tr/english/facilitiesservices/computercenter/bookslib/
163Presenting activexhttp://www.parsian.net/set1252/pages/books.htm
164Presenting activexhttp://www.emu.edu.tr/english/facilitiesservices/computercenter/bookslib/
165Presenting javabeanshttp://www.parsian.net/set1252/pages/books.htm
166Presenting javabeanshttp://www.emu.edu.tr/english/facilitiesservices/computercenter/bookslib/
167Programming perlhttp://www.hk8.org/old_web/
168Programming perl, 3rd.ed.http://www.hk8.org/old_web/
169Programming the Perl DBIhttp://www.hk8.org/old_web/
170Red hat linux unleashedhttp://www.parsian.net/set1252/pages/books.htm
171Running a perfect intranethttp://www.parsian.net/set1252/pages/books.htm
172Running Linux, 3rd.ed.http://www.hk8.org/old_web/
173Sams teach yourself java 1.1 in 24 hours/http://book.onairweb.net/computer/sams/Sams_Teach_Yourself_Java_1.1_Programming_in_24_Hours
174Sams Teach yourself java in 21 days/Lemay, Laurahttp://book.onairweb.net/computer/sams/Sams_Teach_Yourself_Java_in_21_Days/
175Sams teach yourself linux in 24 hours/Ball, Billhttp://book.onairweb.net/computer/sams/Sams_Teach_Yourself_Linux_in_24%20Hours/
176Sams teach yourself shell programming in 24 hourshttp://book.onairweb.net/computer/sams/Sams_Teach_Yourself_Shell_Programming_in_24_Hours/
177Sams teach yourself TCP/IP in 14 dayshttp://book.onairweb.net/computer/sams/Sams_Teach_Yourself_TCP-IP_in_14_Days(SE)/
178Sed and awkhttp://www.hk8.org/old_web/
179Sendmailhttp://www.hk8.org/old_web/
180Sendmail desktop referencehttp://www.hk8.org/old_web/
181Slackware linux unleashedhttp://www.emu.edu.tr/english/facilitiesservices/computercenter/bookslib/
182Special edition using java, 2nd.ed.http://www.emu.edu.tr/english/facilitiesservices/computercenter/bookslib/
183Special edition using _javascripthttp://www.parsian.net/set1252/pages/books.htm
184Special edition using _javascripthttp://www.emu.edu.tr/english/facilitiesservices/computercenter/bookslib/
185Special edition using _Jscripthttp://www.parsian.net/set1252/pages/books.htm
186Special edition using lotus notes and domino 4.5http://www.emu.edu.tr/english/facilitiesservices/computercenter/bookslib/
187Special edition using Microsoft SQL server 6.5, 2nd.ed.http://www.emu.edu.tr/english/facilitiesservices/computercenter/bookslib/
188Special edition using Microsoft visual Interdevhttp://www.emu.edu.tr/english/facilitiesservices/computercenter/bookslib/
189Special edition using perl 5 for web programminghttp://www.parsian.net/set1252/pages/books.htm
190Special edition using perl for web programminghttp://www.emu.edu.tr/english/facilitiesservices/computercenter/bookslib/
191Special edition using Visual Basic 4http://www.parsian.net/set1252/pages/books.htm
192TCP/IPhttp://www.hk8.org/old_web/
193Teach yourself activex programming in 21 dayshttp://www.parsian.net/set1252/pages/books.htm
194Teach yourself C++ in 21 dayshttp://www.parsian.net/set1252/pages/books.htm
195Teach yourself C++ in 21 dayshttp://www.emu.edu.tr/english/facilitiesservices/computercenter/bookslib/
196Teach yourself CGI programming with Perl 5 in a weekhttp://www.parsian.net/set1252/pages/books.htm
197Teach yourself database programming with VB5 in 21 days, 2nd.ed.http://www.emu.edu.tr/english/facilitiesservices/computercenter/bookslib/
198Teach yourself database programming with visual basic 5 in 21 dayshttp://www.parsian.net/set1252/pages/books.htm
199Teach yourself HTML 3.2 in 24 hourshttp://www.parsian.net/set1252/pages/books.htm
200Teach yourself HTML 3.2 in 24 hourshttp://www.emu.edu.tr/english/facilitiesservices/computercenter/bookslib/
201Teach yourself internet game programming with java in 21 dayshttp://www.parsian.net/set1252/pages/books.htm
202Teach yourself java 1.1 programming in 24 hourshttp://www.parsian.net/set1252/pages/books.htm
203Teach yourself jave in café in 21 dayshttp://www.parsian.net/set1252/pages/books.tm
204Teach yourself Microsoft visual Interdev in 21 dayshttp://www.parsian.net/set1252/pages/books.htm
205Teach yourself Microsoft visual Interdev in 21 dayshttp://www.emu.edu.tr/english/facilitiesservices/computercenter/bookslib/
206Teach yourself oracle 8 in 21 dayshttp://www.emu.edu.tr/english/facilitiesservices/computercenter/bookslib/
207Teach yourself perl 5 in 21 dayshttp://www.parsian.net/set1252/pages/books.htm
208Teach yourself perl 5 in 21 days, 2nd.ed.http://www.emu.edu.tr/english/facilitiesservices/computercenter/bookslib/
209Teach yourself SQL in 21 dayshttp://www.parsian.net/set1252/pages/books.htm
210Teach yourself SQL in 21 days, 2nd.ed.http://www.emu.edu.tr/english/facilitiesservices/computercenter/bookslib/
211Teach yourself TCP/IP in 14 dayshttp://www.parsian.net/set1252/pages/books.htm
212Teach yourself TCP/IP in 14 days, 2nd.ed.http://www.emu.edu.tr/english/facilitiesservices/computercenter/bookslib/
213Teach yourself the Internet in 24 hourshttp://www.parsian.net/set1252/pages/books.htm
214Teach yourself the internet in 24 hourshttp://www.emu.edu.tr/english/facilitiesservices/computercenter/bookslib/
215Teach yourself _VBScript in 21 dayshttp://www.parsian.net/set1252/pages/books.htm
216Teach yourself _VBScript in 21 dayshttp://www.emu.edu.tr/english/facilitiesservices/computercenter/bookslib/
217Teach yourself visual basic 5 in 24 hourshttp://www.parsian.net/set1252/pages/books.htm
218Teach yourself Visual Basic 5 in 24 hourshttp://www.emu.edu.tr/english/facilitiesservices/computercenter/bookslib/
219Teach yourself Visual J++ in 21 dayshttp://www.emu.edu.tr/english/facilitiesservices/computercenter/bookslib/
220Teach yourself web publishing with HTML 3.2 in 14 dayshttp://www.parsian.net/set1252/pages/books.htm
221Teach yourself web publishing with HTML in 14 dayshttp://www.emu.edu.tr/english/facilitiesservices/computercenter/bookslib/
222Thinking in C++http://www.mindview.net/Books
223Thinking in C++/Eckel, Bruce - Vol.I, 2nd.ed.http://www.oopweb.com/
224Thinking in C++/Eckel, Bruce - Vol.II, 2nd.ed.http://www.oopweb.com/
225Thinking in Enterprise Javahttp://www.mindview.net/Books
226Thinking in Java, 2nd.ed.http://www.oopweb.com/
227Thinking in Java, 3rd.ed. (pdf)http://www.mindview.net/Books
228Tricks of the internet gurushttp://www.parsian.net/set1252/pages/books.htm
229Tricks of the java programming gurushttp://www.parsian.net/set1252/pages/books.htm
230Unix and internet securityhttp://www.hk8.org/old_web/
231Unix hints and hacks/Waingrow, Kirkhttp://book.onairweb.net/computer/os/unix/Administration/UNIX_Hints_&_Hacks/19270001..htm
232Unix in a nutshellhttp://www.hk8.org/old_web/
233Unix kornshell quick referencehttp://book.onairweb.net/computer/os/shell/Unix_KornShell_Quick_Reference/kornShell.html
234Unix power toolshttp://www.hk8.org/old_web/
235Unix shell guidehttp://book.onairweb.net/computer/os/shell/The_UNIX_Shell_Guide/
236Unix unleashedhttp://www.parsian.net/set1252/pages/books.htm
237Unix unleashedhttp://www.emu.edu.tr/english/facilitiesservices/computercenter/bookslib/
238Unix unleashed Internet Ed./Burk, Robinhttp://book.onairweb.net/computer/os/unix/Administration/UNIX_Unleashed(Internet_Edition)/fm.htm
239Unix unleashed, System administrator's Editionhttp://book.onairweb.net/computer/os/unix/Administration/UNIX_Unleashed_System_Administrator
240Unix Unleashed/Sams Publicationhttp://book.onairweb.net/computer/os/unix/Administration/UNIX_Unleashed/
241Upgrading PCs illustratedhttp://www.emu.edu.tr/english/facilitiesservices/computercenter/bookslib/
242Using windows NT workstation 4.0http://www.parsian.net/set1252/pages/books.htm
243_VBScript unleashedhttp://www.parsian.net/set1252/pages/books.htm
244_Vbscript unleashedhttp://www.emu.edu.tr/english/facilitiesservices/computercenter/bookslib/
245Visual basic 4 in 12 easy lessonshttp://www.parsian.net/set1252/pages/books.htm
246Visual basic 4 unleashedhttp://www.parsian.net/set1252/pages/books.htm
247Visual Basic 5 night schoolhttp://www.emu.edu.tr/english/facilitiesservices/computercenter/bookslib/
248Visual basic programming in 12 easy lessonshttp://www.parsian.net/set1252/pages/books.htm
249Visual Basic programming in 12 easy lessonshttp://www.emu.edu.tr/english/facilitiesservices/computercenter/bookslib/
250Visual C++ 4 unleashedhttp://www.parsian.net/set1252/pages/books.htm
251Visual C++ programming in 12 easy lessonshttp://www.parsian.net/set1252/pages/books.htm
252Web database developer's guide with visual basic 5http://www.parsian.net/set1252/pages/books.htm
253Web database developer's guide with visual basic 5http://www.emu.edu.tr/english/facilitiesservices/computercenter/bookslib/
254Web programming desktop reference 6-in-1http://www.parsian.net/set1252/pages/books.htm

20 Great Google Secrets

Google is clearly the best general-purpose search engine on the Net.
But most people don't use it to its best advantage. Do you just plug in a keyword or two and hope for the best? That may be the quickest way to search, but with more than 3 billion pages in Google's index, it's still a struggle to pare results to a manageable number.
But Google is an remarkably powerful tool that can ease and enhance your Internet exploration. Google's search options go beyond simple keywords, the Web, and even its own programmers. Let's look at some of Google's lesser-known options.
Syntax Search Tricks
Using a special syntax is a way to tell Google that you want to restrict your searches to certain elements or characteristics of Web pages. Google has a fairly complete list of its syntax elements at
www.google.com/help/operators.html
. Here are some advanced operators that can help narrow down your search results.
Intitle: at the beginning of a query word or phrase (intitle:"Three Blind Mice") restricts your search results to just the titles of Web pages.
Intext: does the opposite of intitle:, searching only the body text, ignoring titles, links, and so forth. Intext: is perfect when what you're searching for might commonly appear in URLs. If you're looking for the term HTML, for example, and you don't want to get results such as
www.mysite.com/index.html
, you can enter intext:html.
Link: lets you see which pages are linking to your Web page or to another page you're interested in. For example, try typing in
link:http://www.pcmag.com
Try using site: (which restricts results to top-level domains) with intitle: to find certain types of pages. For example, get scholarly pages about Mark Twain by searching for intitle:"Mark Twain"site:edu. Experiment with mixing various elements; you'll develop several strategies for finding the stuff you want more effectively. The site: command is very helpful as an alternative to the mediocre search engines built into many sites.
Swiss Army Google
Google has a number of services that can help you accomplish tasks you may never have thought to use Google for. For example, the new calculator feature
(www.google.com/help/features.html#calculator)
lets you do both math and a variety of conversions from the search box. For extra fun, try the query "Answer to life the universe and everything."
Let Google help you figure out whether you've got the right spelling—and the right word—for your search. Enter a misspelled word or phrase into the query box (try "thre blund mise") and Google may suggest a proper spelling. This doesn't always succeed; it works best when the word you're searching for can be found in a dictionary. Once you search for a properly spelled word, look at the results page, which repeats your query. (If you're searching for "three blind mice," underneath the search window will appear a statement such as Searched the web for "three blind mice.") You'll discover that you can click on each word in your search phrase and get a definition from a dictionary.
Suppose you want to contact someone and don't have his phone number handy. Google can help you with that, too. Just enter a name, city, and state. (The city is optional, but you must enter a state.) If a phone number matches the listing, you'll see it at the top of the search results along with a map link to the address. If you'd rather restrict your results, use rphonebook: for residential listings or bphonebook: for business listings. If you'd rather use a search form for business phone listings, try Yellow Search
(www.buzztoolbox.com/google/yellowsearch.shtml).

Extended Googling
Google offers several services that give you a head start in focusing your search. Google Groups
(http://groups.google.com/)
indexes literally millions of messages from decades of discussion on Usenet. Google even helps you with your shopping via two tools: FroogleCODE(http://froogle.google.com/),
which indexes products from online stores, and Google CatalogsCODE(http://catalogs.google.com/),
which features products from more 6,000 paper catalogs in a searchable index. And this only scratches the surface. You can get a complete list of Google's tools and services at
www.google.com/options/index.html
You're probably used to using Google in your browser. But have you ever thought of using Google outside your browser?
Google Alert
(http://www.googlealert.com/)
monitors your search terms and e-mails you information about new additions to Google's Web index. (Google Alert is not affiliated with Google; it uses Google's Web services API to perform its searches.) If you're more interested in news stories than general Web content, check out the beta version of Google News Alerts
(www.google.com/newsalerts).
This service (which is affiliated with Google) will monitor up to 50 news queries per e-mail address and send you information about news stories that match your query. (Hint: Use the intitle: and source: syntax elements with Google News to limit the number of alerts you get.)
Google on the telephone? Yup. This service is brought to you by the folks at Google Labs
(http://labs.google.com/),
a place for experimental Google ideas and features (which may come and go, so what's there at this writing might not be there when you decide to check it out). With Google Voice Search
(http://labs1.google.com/gvs.html),
you dial the Voice Search phone number, speak your keywords, and then click on the indicated link. Every time you say a new search term, the results page will refresh with your new query (you must have JavaScript enabled for this to work). Remember, this service is still in an experimental phase, so don't expect 100 percent success.
In 2002, Google released the Google API (application programming interface), a way for programmers to access Google's search engine results without violating the Google Terms of Service. A lot of people have created useful (and occasionally not-so-useful but interesting) applications not available from Google itself, such as Google Alert. For many applications, you'll need an API key, which is available free fromCODEwww.google.com/apis
. See the figures for two more examples, and visit
www.pcmag.com/solutions
for more.
Thanks to its many different search properties, Google goes far beyond a regular search engine. Give the tricks in this article a try. You'll be amazed at how many different ways Google can improve your Internet searching.
Online Extra: More Google Tips
Here are a few more clever ways to tweak your Google searches.
Search Within a Timeframe
Daterange: (start date–end date). You can restrict your searches to pages that were indexed within a certain time period. Daterange: searches by when Google indexed a page, not when the page itself was created. This operator can help you ensure that results will have fresh content (by using recent dates), or you can use it to avoid a topic's current-news blizzard and concentrate only on older results. Daterange: is actually more useful if you go elsewhere to take advantage of it, because daterange: requires Julian dates, not standard Gregorian dates. You can find converters on the Web (such as
CODEhttp://aa.usno.navy.mil/data/docs/JulianDate.html
excl.gif No Active Links, Read the Rules - Edit by Ninja excl.gif
), but an easier way is to do a Google daterange: search by filling in a form at
www.researchbuzz.com/toolbox/goofresh.shtml or www.faganfinder.com/engines/google.shtml
. If one special syntax element is good, two must be better, right? Sometimes. Though some operators can't be mixed (you can't use the link: operator with anything else) many can be, quickly narrowing your results to a less overwhelming number.
More Google API Applications
Staggernation.com offers three tools based on the Google API. The Google API Web Search by Host (GAWSH) lists the Web hosts of the results for a given query
(www.staggernation.com/gawsh/).
When you click on the triangle next to each host, you get a list of results for that host. The Google API Relation Browsing Outliner (GARBO) is a little more complicated: You enter a URL and choose whether you want pages that related to the URL or linked to the URL
(www.staggernation.com/garbo/).
Click on the triangle next to an URL to get a list of pages linked or related to that particular URL. CapeMail is an e-mail search application that allows you to send an e-mail to google@capeclear.com with the text of your query in the subject line and get the first ten results for that query back. Maybe it's not something you'd do every day, but if your cell phone does e-mail and doesn't do Web browsing, this is a very handy address to know.

Understanding of Internet

The Internet is a computer network made up of thousands of networks worldwide. No one knows exactly how many computers are connected to the Internet. It is certain, however, that these number in the millions.
No one is in charge of the Internet. There are organizations which develop technical aspects of this network and set standards for creating applications on it, but no governing body is in control. The Internet backbone, through which Internet traffic flows, is owned by private companies.
All computers on the Internet communicate with one another using the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol suite, abbreviated to TCP/IP. Computers on the Internet use a client/server architecture. This means that the remote server machine provides files and services to the user's local client machine. Software can be installed on a client computer to take advantage of the latest access technology.
An Internet user has access to a wide variety of services: electronic mail, file transfer, vast information resources, interest group membership, interactive collaboration, multimedia displays, real-time broadcasting, shopping opportunities, breaking news, and much more.
The Internet consists primarily of a variety of access protocols. Many of these protocols feature programs that allow users to search for and retrieve material made available by the protocol.
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COMPONENTS OF THE INTERNET
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WORLD WIDE WEBThe World Wide Web (abbreviated as the Web or WWW) is a system of Internet servers that supports hypertext to access several Internet protocols on a single interface. Almost every protocol type available on the Internet is accessible on the Web. This includes e-mail, FTP, Telnet, and Usenet News. In addition to these, the World Wide Web has its own protocol: HyperText Transfer Protocol, or HTTP. These protocols will be explained later in this document.
The World Wide Web provides a single interface for accessing all these protocols. This creates a convenient and user-friendly environment. It is no longer necessary to be conversant in these protocols within separate, command-level environments. The Web gathers together these protocols into a single system. Because of this feature, and because of the Web's ability to work with multimedia and advanced programming languages, the Web is the fastest-growing component of the Internet.
The operation of the Web relies primarily on hypertext as its means of information retrieval. HyperText is a document containing words that connect to other documents. These words are called links and are selectable by the user. A single hypertext document can contain links to many documents. In the context of the Web, words or graphics may serve as links to other documents, images, video, and sound. Links may or may not follow a logical path, as each connection is programmed by the creator of the source document. Overall, the Web contains a complex virtual web of connections among a vast number of documents, graphics, videos, and sounds.
Producing hypertext for the Web is accomplished by creating documents with a language called HyperText Markup Language, or HTML. With HTML, tags are placed within the text to accomplish document formatting, visual features such as font size, italics and bold, and the creation of hypertext links. Graphics and multimedia may also be incorporated into an HTML document. HTML is an evolving language, with new tags being added as each upgrade of the language is developed and released. The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), led by Web founder Tim Berners-Lee, coordinates the efforts of standardizing HTML. The W3C now calls the language XHTML and considers it to be an application of the XML language standard.
The World Wide Web consists of files, called pages or home pages, containing links to documents and resources throughout the Internet.
The Web provides a vast array of experiences including multimedia presentations, real-time collaboration, interactive pages, radio and television broadcasts, and the automatic "push" of information to a client computer. Programming languages such as Java, JavaScript, Visual Basic, Cold Fusion and XML are extending the capabilities of the Web. A growing amount of information on the Web is served dynamically from content stored in databases. The Web is therefore not a fixed entity, but one that is in a constant state of development and flux.
For more complete information about the World Wide Web, see Understanding The World Wide Web.
E-MAILElectronic mail, or e-mail, allows computer users locally and worldwide to exchange messages. Each user of e-mail has a mailbox address to which messages are sent. Messages sent through e-mail can arrive within a matter of seconds.
A powerful aspect of e-mail is the option to send electronic files to a person's e-mail address. Non-ASCII files, known as binary files, may be attached to e-mail messages. These files are referred to as MIME attachments.MIME stands for Multimedia Internet Mail Extension, and was developed to help e-mail software handle a variety of file types. For example, a document created in Microsoft Word can be attached to an e-mail message and retrieved by the recipient with the appropriate e-mail program. Many e-mail programs, including Eudora, Netscape Messenger, and Microsoft Outlook, offer the ability to read files written in HTML, which is itself a MIME type.
TELNETTelnet is a program that allows you to log into computers on the Internet and use online databases, library catalogs, chat services, and more. There are no graphics in Telnet sessions, just text. To Telnet to a computer, you must know its address. This can consist of words (locis.loc.gov) or numbers (140.147.254.3). Some services require you to connect to a specific port on the remote computer. In this case, type the port number after the Internet address. Example: telnet nri.reston.va.us 185.
Telnet is available on the World Wide Web. Probably the most common Web-based resources available through Telnet have been library catalogs, though most catalogs have since migrated to the Web. A link to a Telnet resource may look like any other link, but it will launch a Telnet session to make the connection. A Telnet program must be installed on your local computer and configured to your Web browser in order to work.
With the increasing popularity of the Web, Telnet has become less frequently used as a means of access to information on the Internet.
FTPFTP stands for File Transfer Protocol. This is both a program and the method used to transfer files between computers. Anonymous FTP is an option that allows users to transfer files from thousands of host computers on the Internet to their personal computer account. FTP sites contain books, articles, software, games, images, sounds, multimedia, course work, data sets, and more.
If your computer is directly connected to the Internet via an Ethernet cable, you can use one of several PC software programs, such as WS_FTP for Windows, to conduct a file transfer.
FTP transfers can be performed on the World Wide Web without the need for special software. In this case, the Web browser will suffice. Whenever you download software from a Web site to your local machine, you are using FTP. You can also retrieve FTP files via search engines such as FtpFind, located at /http://www.ftpfind.com/. This option is easiest because you do not need to know FTP program commands.
E-MAIL DISCUSSION GROUPSOne of the benefits of the Internet is the opportunity it offers to people worldwide to communicate via e-mail. The Internet is home to a large community of individuals who carry out active discussions organized around topic-oriented forums distributed by e-mail. These are administered by software programs. Probably the most common program is the listserv.
A great variety of topics are covered by listservs, many of them academic in nature. When you subscribe to a listserv, messages from other subscribers are automatically sent to your electronic mailbox. You subscribe to a listserv by sending an e-mail message to a computer program called a listserver. Listservers are located on computer networks throughout the world. This program handles subscription information and distributes messages to and from subscribers. You must have a e-mail account to participate in a listserv discussion group. Visit Tile.net at /http://tile.net/ to see an example of a site that offers a searchablecollection of e-mail discussion groups.
Majordomo and Listproc are two other programs that administer e-mail discussion groups. The commands for subscribing to and managing your list memberships are similar to those of listserv.
USENET NEWSUsenet News is a global electronic bulletin board system in which millions of computer users exchange information on a vast range of topics. The major difference between Usenet News and e-mail discussion groups is the fact that Usenet messages are stored on central computers, and users must connect to these computers to read or download the messages posted to these groups. This is distinct from e-mail distribution, in which messages arrive in the electronic mailboxes of each list member.
Usenet itself is a set of machines that exchanges messages, or articles, from Usenet discussion forums, called newsgroups. Usenet administrators control their own sites, and decide which (if any) newsgroups to sponsor and which remote newsgroups to allow into the system.
There are thousands of Usenet newsgroups in existence. While many are academic in nature, numerous newsgroups are organized around recreational topics. Much serious computer-related work takes place in Usenet discussions. A small number of e-mail discussion groups also exist as Usenet newsgroups.
The Usenet newsfeed can be read by a variety of newsreader software programs. For example, the Netscape suite comes with a newsreader program called Messenger. Newsreaders are also available as standalone products.
FAQ, RFC, FYIFAQ stands for Frequently Asked Questions. These are periodic postings to Usenet newsgroups that contain a wealth of information related to the topic of the newsgroup. Many FAQs are quite extensive. FAQs are available by subscribing to individual Usenet newsgroups. A Web-based collection of FAQ resources has been collected by The Internet FAQ Consortium and is available at /http://www.faqs.org/.
RFC stands for Request for Comments. These are documents created by and distributed to the Internet community to help define the nuts and bolts of the Internet. They contain both technical specifications and general information.
FYI stands for For Your Information. These notes are a subset of RFCs and contain information of interest to new Internet users.
Links to indexes of all three of these information resources are available on the University Libraries Web site at /http://library.albany.edu/reference/faqs.html.
CHAT & INSTANT MESSENGINGChat programs allow users on the Internet to communicate with each other by typing in real time. They are sometimes included as a feature of a Web site, where users can log into the "chat room" to exchange comments and information about the topics addressed on the site. Chat may take other, more wide-ranging forms. For example, America Online is well known for sponsoring a number of topical chat rooms.
Internet Relay Chat (IRC) is a service through which participants can communicate to each other on hundreds of channels. These channels are usually based on specific topics. While many topics are frivolous, substantive conversations are also taking place. To access IRC, you must use an IRC software program.
A variation of chat is the phenomenon of instant messenging. With instant messenging, a user on the Web can contact another user currently logged in and type a conversation. Most famous is America Online's Instant Messenger. ICQ, MSN and Yahoo are other commonly-used chat programs.
Other types of real-time communication are addressed in the tutorial Understanding the World Wide Web.
MUD/MUSH/MOO/MUCK/DUM/MUSEMUD stands for Multi User Dimension. MUDs, and their variations listed above, are multi-user virtual reality games based on simulated worlds. Traditionally text based, graphical MUDs now exist. There are MUDs of all kinds on the Internet, and many can be joined free of charge. For more information, read one of the FAQs devoted to MUDs available at the FAQ site at